Composite Insulator‌ A composite insulator, used in high-voltage systems (10 kV–1000 kV), replaces traditional ceramic/glass insulators with a silicone rubber housing over a fiberglass-reinforced polymer (FRP) core rod. Key advantages include lightweight design, hydrophobicity, pollution resistance, and UV stability‌. Its silicone rubber sheds prevent surface leakage currents and flashovers in humid or contaminated environments‌. Applications span transmission lines, substations, and railway electrification, particularly in coastal, desert, or industrial areas. Compliant with IEC 61109 or GB/T 19519 standards, modern designs feature integrated corona rings, erosion-resistant coatings, and seismic-resistant fittings‌. Advanced variants incorporate embedded sensors to monitor mechanical stress, temperature, and electrical performance in real time‌. Maintenance-free, corrosion-proof, and vandalism-resistant, it ensures long-term reliability, reduces tower loads, and minimizes grid outages.