Insulation‌ Insulation refers to materials or systems that prevent unwanted heat transfer, electrical conduction, or environmental exposure. Key types include thermal (e.g., fiberglass, foam), electrical (e.g., silicone rubber, epoxy resins), and composite insulation combining polymers like fiberglass-reinforced plastic (FRP) with hydrophobic silicone rubber for enhanced durability‌. In high-voltage systems (up to 1000 kV), composite insulators replace traditional ceramics, offering lightweight, pollution-resistant designs with UV stability and flashover prevention in humid/contaminated environments‌. Applications span building construction, power grids, and industrial equipment, particularly in coastal or extreme climates. Modern innovations integrate sensor-equipped insulators for real-time monitoring of stress and temperature‌, while adhering to IEC/GB standards for safety‌. Advanced designs feature anti-icing coatings, seismic-resistant fittings, and eco-friendly materials to reduce maintenance and extend service life‌.